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Republic Act No. 9745· Enacted 2009-11-10

Anti-Torture Act of 2009 (RA 9745) — BatasKo ELI5

Ang RA 9745 ay nagbabawal ng torture at malupit na pagtrato ng mga pulis, militar, at opisyal ng gobyerno sa mga detenido. Alamin ang iyong karapatan kung ikaw ay arestado o detenido sa Pilipinas.

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Ang Batas sa Madaling Salita— ELI5

Ang RA 9745 o Anti-Torture Act of 2009 ay nagbabawal ng torture at malupit na pagtrato ng anumang opisyal ng gobyerno sa mga taong sinesalisi, detenido, o nakakulong. Kahit sinasabing kriminal ka, may karapatan kang hindi martiriyuhin. Ang tortured confession ay hindi admissible sa korte.

Official text — Republic Act No. 9745

Jump to section ↓28 sections

Preamble

Fourteenth Congress

Third Regular Session

Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-seventh day of July, two thousand nine.

REPUBLIC ACT N0. 9745

AN ACT PENALIZING TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN AND DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT AND PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFOR

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

Section 1

Section 1.

Short Title.

- This Ad shall be known as the

"Anti-Torture Act of 2009".

Section 2

Section 2.

Statement of Policy.

- It is hereby declared the policy of the State:

(a) To value the dignity of every human person and guarantee full respect for human rights;

(b) To ensure that the human rights of all persons, including suspects, detainees and prisoners are respected at all times; and that no person placed under investigation or held in custody of any person in authority or, agent of a person authority shall be subjected to physical, psychological or mental harm, force, violence, threat or intimidation or any act that impairs his/her free wi11 or in any manner demeans or degrades human dignity;

(c) To ensure that secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado or other similar forms of detention, where torture may be carried out with impunity, are prohibited; and

(d) To fully adhere to the principles and standards on the absolute condemnation and prohibition of torture as provided for in the 1987 Philippine Constitution; various international instruments to which the Philippines is a State party such as, but not limited to, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDA W) and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT); and all other relevant international human rights instruments to which the Philippines is a signatory.

Section 3 — Definitions.→

Section 3.

Definitions.

- For purposes of this Act, the following terms shall mean:

(a) "Torture" refers to an act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him/her or a third person information or a confession; punishing him/her for an act he/she or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed; or intimidating or coercing him/her or a third person; or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a person in authority or agent of a person in authority. It does not include pain or Buffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.

(b) "Other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment" refers to a deliberate and aggravated treatment or punishment not enumerated under Section 4 of this Act, inflicted by a person in authority or agent of a person in authority against a person under his/her custody, which attains a level of severity causing suffering, gross humiliation or debasement to the latter.

(c) "Victim" refers to the person subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment as defined above and any individual who has suffered harm as a result of any act(s) of torture, or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment.

(d) "Order of Battle" refers to any document or determination made by the military, police or any law enforcement agency of the government, listing the names of persons and organizations that it perceives to be enemies of the State and that it considers as legitimate targets as combatants that it could deal with, through the use of means allowed by domestic and international law.

Section 4 — Acts of Torture.→

Section 4.

Acts of Torture.

- For purposes of this Act, torture shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

(a) Physical torture is a form of treatment or punishment inflicted by a person in authority or agent of a person in authority upon another in his/her custody that causes severe pain, exhaustion, disability or dysfunction of one or more parts of the body, such as:

(1) Systematic beating, headbanging, punching, kicking, striking with truncheon or rifle butt or other similar objects, and jumping on the stomach;

(2) Food deprivation or forcible feeding with spoiled food, animal or human excreta and other stuff or substances not normally eaten;

(3) Electric shock;

(4) Cigarette burning; burning by electrically heated rods, hot oil, acid; by the rubbing of pepper or other chemical substances on mucous membranes, or acids or spices directly on the wound(s);

(5) The submersion of the head in water or water polluted with excrement, urine, vomit and/or blood until the brink of suffocation;

(6) Being tied or forced to assume fixed and stressful bodily position;

(7) Rape and sexual abuse, including the insertion of foreign objects into the sex organ or rectum, or electrical torture of the genitals;

(8) Mutilation or amputation of the essential parts of the body such as the genitalia, ear, tongue, etc.;

(9) Dental torture or the forced extraction of the teeth;

(10) Pulling out of fingernails;

(11) Harmful exposure to the elements such as sunlight and extreme cold;

(12) The use of plastic bag and other materials placed over the head to the point of asphyxiation;

(13) The use of psychoactive drugs to change the perception, memory. alertness or will of a person, such as:

(i) The administration or drugs to induce confession and/or reduce mental competency; or

(ii) The use of drugs to induce extreme pain or certain symptoms of a disease; and

(14) Other analogous acts of physical torture; and

(b) "Mental/Psychological Torture" refers to acts committed by a person in authority or agent of a person in authority which are calculated to affect or confuse the mind and/or undermine a person's dignity and morale, such as:

(1) Blindfolding;

(2) Threatening a person(s) or his/fher relative(s) with bodily harm, execution or other wrongful acts;

(3) Confinement in solitary cells or secret detention places;

(4) Prolonged interrogation;

(5) Preparing a prisoner for a "show trial", public display or public humiliation of a detainee or prisoner;

(6) Causing unscheduled transfer of a person deprived of liberty from one place to another, creating the belief that he/she shall be summarily executed;

(7) Maltreating a member/s of a person's family;

(8) Causing the torture sessions to be witnessed by the person's family, relatives or any third party;

(9) Denial of sleep/rest;

(10) Shame infliction such as stripping the person naked, parading him/her in public places, shaving the victim's head or putting marks on his/her body against his/her will;

(11) Deliberately prohibiting the victim to communicate with any member of his/her family; and

(12) Other analogous acts of mental/psychological torture.

Section 5 — Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment.→

Section 5.

Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

- Other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment refers to a deliberate and aggravated treatment or punishment not enumerated under Section 4 of this Act, inflicted by a person in authority or agent of a person in authority against another person in custody, which attains a level of severity sufficient to cause suffering, gross humiliation or debasement to the latter. The assessment of the level of severity shall depend on all the circumstances of the case, including the duration of the treatment or punishment, its physical and mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, religion, age and state of health of the victim.

Section 6 — Freedom from Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punis→

Section 6.

Freedom from Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment, An Absolute Bight.

- Torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment as criminal acts shall apply to all circumstances. A state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability, or any other public emergency, or a document or any determination comprising an "order of battle" shall not and can never be invoked as a justification for torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment.

Show 21 more sections +→
Section 7 — Prohibited Detention.→

Section 7.

Prohibited Detention.

- Secret detention places, solitary confinement, incommunicado or other similar forms of detention, where torture may be carried out with impunity. Are hereby prohibited.

In which case, the Philippine National Police (PNP), the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and other law enforcement. agencies concerned shall make an updated list of all detention centers and facilities under their respective jurisdictions with the corresponding data on the prisoners or detainees incarcerated or detained therein such as, among others, names, date of arrest and incarceration, and the crime or offense committed. This list shall be made available to the public at all times, with a copy of the complete list available at the respective national headquarters of the PNP and AFP. A copy of the complete list shall likewise be submitted by the PNP, AFP and all other law enforcement agencies to the Commission on Human Rights (CHR), such list to be periodically updated, by the same agencies, within the first five (5) days of every month at the minimum. Every regional office of the PNP, AFP and other law enforcement agencies shall also maintain a similar list far all detainees and detention facilities within their respective areas, and shall make the same available to the public at all times at their respective regional headquarters, and submit a copy. updated in the same manner provided above, to the respective regional offices of the CHR.

Section 8 — Applicability of the Exclusionary Rule; Exception.→

Section 8.

Applicability of the Exclusionary Rule; Exception.

- Any confession, admission or statement obtained as a result of torture shall be inadmissible in evidence in any proceedings, except if the same is used as evidence against a person or persons accused of committing torture.

Section 9 — Institutional Protection of Torture Victims and Other Persons Involved.→

Section 9.

Institutional Protection of Torture Victims and Other Persons Involved.

- A victim of torture shall have the following rights in the institution of a criminal complaint for torture:

(a) To have a prompt and an impartial investigation by the CHR and by agencies of government concerned such as the Department of Justice (DOJ), the Public Attorney's Office (PAO), the PNP, the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and the AFP. A prompt investigation shall mean a maximum period of sixty (60) working days from the time a complaint for torture is filed within which an investigation report and/or resolution shall be completed and made available. An appeal whenever available shall be resolved within the same period prescribed herein,

(b) To have sufficient government protection against all forms of harassment; threat and/or intimidation as a consequence of the filing of said complaint or the presentation of evidence therefor. In which case, the State through its appropriate agencies shall afford security in order to ensure his/her safety and all other persons involved in the investigation and prosecution such as, but not limited to, his/her lawyer, witnesses and relatives; and

(c) To be accorded sufficient protection in the manner by which he/she testifies and presents evidence in any fora in order to avoid further trauma.

Section 10 — Disposition of Writs of Habeas Corpus, Amparo and Habeas Data Proceedings and→

Section 10.

Disposition of Writs of Habeas Corpus, Amparo and Habeas Data Proceedings and Compliance with a Judicial 07'der.

- A writ of habeas corpus or writ of amparo or writ of habeas data proceeding, if any, filed on behalf of the victim of torture or other cruel, degrading and inhuman treatment or punishment shall be disposed of expeditiously and any order of release by virtue thereof, or other appropriate order of a court relative thereto, shall be executed or complied with immediately.

Section 11 — Assistance in Filing a Complaint.→

Section 11.

Assistance in Filing a Complaint.

- The CHR and the PAO shall render legal assistance in the investigation and monitoring and/or filing of the complaint for a person who suffers torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, or for any interested party thereto.

The victim or interested party may also seek legal assistance from the Barangay Human Rights Action Center (BRRAC) nearest him/her as well as from human rights nongovernment organizations (NGOs).

Section 12 — Right to' Physical, Medical and Psychological Examination.→

Section 12.

Right to' Physical, Medical and Psychological Examination.

- Before and after interrogation, every person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation shall have the right to he informed of his/her right to demand physical examination by an independent and competent doctor of his/her own choice. If such person cannot afford the services of his/her own doctor, he/she shall he provided by the State with a competent and independent doctor to conduct physical examination. The State shall endeavor to provide the victim with psychological evaluation if available under the circumstances. If the person arrested is a female, she shall be attended to preferably by a female doctor. Furthermore, any person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation, including his/her immediate family, shall have the right to immediate access to proper and adequate medical treatment. The physical examination and/or psychological evaluation of the victim shall be contained in a medical report, duly signed by the attending physician, which shall include in detail his/her medical history and findings, and which shall he attached to the custodial investigation report. Such report shall be considered a public document.

Following applicable protocol agreed upon by agencies tasked to conduct physical, psychological and mental examinations, the medical reports shall, among others, include:

(a) The name, age and address of the patient or victim;

(b) The name and address of the nearest kin of the patient or victim;

(c) The name and address of the person who brought the patient or victim for physical, psychological and mental examination, and/or medical treatment;

(d) The nature and probable cause of the patient or victim's injury, pain and disease and/or trauma;

(e) The approximate time and date when the injury, pain, disease and/or trauma was/were sustained;

(f) The place where the injury, pain, disease and/or trauma was/were sustained;

(g) The time, date and nature of treatment necessary; and

(h) The diagnosis, the prognosis and/or disposition of the patient.

Any person who does not wish to avail of the rights under this pr<;lvision may knowingly and voluntarily waive such rights in writing, executed in the presence and assistance of his/her counsel.

Section 13 — Who are Criminally Liable.→

Section 13.

Who are Criminally Liable.

- Any person who actually participated Or induced another in the commission of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment or who cooperated in the execution of the act of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment by previous or simultaneous acts shall be liable as principal

Any superior military, police or law enforcement officer or senior government official who issued an order to any lower ranking personnel to commit torture for whatever purpose shall be held equally liable as principals.

The immediate commanding officer of the unit concerned of the AFP or the immediate senior public official of the PNP and other law enforcement agencies shall be held liable as a principal to the crime of torture or other cruel or inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment for any act or omission, or negligence committed by him/her that shall have led, assisted, abetted or allowed, whether directly or indirectly, the commission thereof by his/her subordinates. If he/she has knowledge of or, owing to the circumstances at the time, should have known that acts of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment shall be committed, is being committed, or has been committed by his/her subordinates or by others within his/her area of responsibility and, despite such knowledge, did not take preventive or corrective action either before, during or immediately after its commission, when he/she has the authority to prevent or investigate allegations of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment but failed to prevent or investigate allegations of such act, whether deliberately or due to negligence shall also be liable as principals.

Any public officer or employee shall be liable as an accessory if he/she has knowledge that torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment is being committed and without having participated therein, either as principal or accomplice, takes part subsequent to its commission in any of the following manner:

(a) By themselves profiting from or assisting the offender to profit from the effects of the act of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment;

(b) By concealing the act of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment and/or destroying the effects or instruments thereof in order to prevent its discovery; or(c) By harboring, concealing or assisting m the escape of the principal/s in the act of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment: Provided, That the accessory acts are done with the abuse of the official's public functions.

Section 14 — Penalties.→

Section 14.

Penalties.

- (a) The penalty of reclusion perpetua shall be imposed upon the perpetrators of the following acts:

(1) Torture resulting in the death of any person;

(2) Torture resulting in mutilation;

(3) Torture with rape;

(4) Torture with other forms of sexual abuse and, in consequence of torture, the victim shall have become insane, imbecile, impotent, blind or maimed for life; and

(5) Torture committed against children.

(b) The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be imposed on those who commit any act of mental/psychological torture resulting in insanity, complete or partial amnesia, fear of becoming insane or suicidal tendencies of the victim due to guilt, worthlessness or shame.

(c) The penalty of prision correccional shall be imposed on those who commit any act of torture resulting in psychological, mental and emotional harm other than those described 1n paragraph (b) of this section. '

(d) The penalty of prision mayor in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed if, in consequence of torture, the victim shall have lost the power of speech or the power to hear or to smell; or shall have lost an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm or a leg; or shall have lost the use of any such member; Or shall have become permanently incapacitated for labor.

(e) The penalty of prision mayor in its minimum and medium periods shall be imposed if, in consequence of torture, the victim shall have become deformed or shall have lost any part of his/her body other than those aforecited, or shall have lost the use thereof, or shall have been ill or incapacitated for labor for a period of more than ninety (90) days.

(f) The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period to prision mayor in its minimum period shall be imposed if, in consequence of torture, the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for labor for mare than thirty (30) days but not more than ninety (90) days.

(g) The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium period shall be imposed if, in consequence of torture, the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for labor for thirty (30) days or less.

(h) The penalty of arresto mayor shall be imposed for acts constituting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment as defined in Section 5 of this Act.

(i) The penalty of prision correccional shall be imposed upon those who establish, operate and maintain secret detention places and/or effect or cause to effect solitary confinement, incommunicado or other similar forms of prohibited detention as provided in Section 7 of this Act where torture may be carried out with impunity.

(j) The penalty of arresto mayor shall be imposed upon the responsible officers or personnel of the AFP, the PNP and other law enforcement agencies for failure to perform his/her duty to maintain, submit or make available to the public an updated list of detention centers and facilities with the corresponding data on the prisoners or detainees incarcerated or detained therein, pursuant to Section 7 of this Act.

Section 15 — Torture as a Separate and Independent Crime.→

Section 15.

Torture as a Separate and Independent Crime.

- Torture as a crime shall not absorb or shall not be absorbed by any other crime or felony committed as a consequence, or as a means in the conduct or commission thereof. In which case, torture shall be treated as a separate and independent criminal act whose penalties shall be imposable without prejudice to any other criminal liability provided for by domestic and international laws.

Section 16 — Exclusion from the Coverage of Special Amnesty Law.→

Section 16.

Exclusion from the Coverage of Special Amnesty Law.

- In order not to depreciate the crime of torture, persons who have committed any act of torture shall not benefit from any special amnesty law or similar measures that will have the effect of exempting them from any criminal proceedings and sanctions.

Section 17 — Applicability of Refouler.→

Section 17.

Applicability of Refouler.

- No person shall be expelled, returned or extradited to another State where there are substantial grounds to believe that such person shall be in danger of being subjected to torture. For the purposes of determining whether such grounds exist, the Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) and the Secretary of the DOJ, in coordination with the Chairperson of the CHR, shall take into account all relevant considerations including, where applicable and not limited to, the existence in the requesting State of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights.

Section 18 — Compensation to Victims of Torture.→

Section 18.

Compensation to Victims of Torture.

- Any person who has suffered torture shall have the right to claim for compensation as provided for under Republic Act No. 7309: Provided, That in no case shall compensation be any lower than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00). Victims of torture shall also have the right to claim for compensation from such other financial relief programs that may be made available to him/her under existing law and rules and regulations.

Section 19 — Formulation of a Rehabilitation Program.→

Section 19.

Formulation of a Rehabilitation Program.

- Within one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act, the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), the DOJ and the Department of Health (DOH) and such other concerned government agencies, and human rights organizations shall formulate a comprehensive rehabilitation program for victims of torture and their families. The DSWD, the DOJ and thc DOH shall also call on human rights nongovernment organizations duly recognized by the government to actively participate in the formulation of such program that shall provide for the physical, mental, social, psychological healing and development of victims of torture and their families. Toward the attainment of restorative justice, a parallel rehabilitation program for persons who have committed torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment shall likewise be formulated by the same agencies.

Section 20 — Monitoring of Compliance with this Act.→

Section 20.

Monitoring of Compliance with this Act.

- An Oversight Committee is hereby created to periodically oversee the implementation of this Act. The Committee shall be headed by a Commissioner of the CRR, with the following as members: the Chairperson of the Senate Committee on Justice and Human Rights, the respective Chairpersons of the House of Representatives' Committees on Justice and Human Rights, and the Minority Leaders of both houses or their respective representatives in the minority.

Section 21 — Education and Information Campaign.→

Section 21.

Education and Information Campaign.

- The CHR, the DOJ, the Department of National Defense (DND), the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and such other concerned parties in both the public and private sectors shall ensure that education and information regarding prohibition against torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment shall be fully included in the training of law enforcement personnel, civil or military, medical personnel, public officials and other persons who may be involved in the custody, interrogation or treatment of any individual subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment. The Department of Education (DepED) and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) shall also ensure the integration of human rights education courses in all primary, secondary and tertiary level academic institutions nationwide.

Section 22 — Applicability of the Revised Penal Code.→

Section 22.

Applicability of the Revised Penal Code.

- The provisions of the Revised Penal Code insofar as they are applicable shall be suppletory to this Act. Moreover, if the commission of any crime punishable under Title Eight (Crimes Against Persons) and Title Nine (Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security) of the Revised Penal Code is attended by any of the acts constituting torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment as defined herein, the penalty to be imposed shall be in its maximum period.

Section 23 — Appropriations.→

Section 23.

Appropriations.

- The amount of Five million pesos (Php5,000,000.00) is hereby appropriated to the CHR for the initial implementation of tills Act. Thereafter, such sums as may be necessary for the continued implementation of this Act shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act.

Section 24 — Implementing Rules and Regulations.→

Section 24.

Implementing Rules and Regulations.

- The DOJ and the CHR, with the active participation of human rights nongovernmental organizations, shall promulgate the rules and regulations for the effective implementation of tills Act. They shall also ensure the full dissemination of such rules and regulations to all officers and members of various law enforcement agencies.

Section 25 — Separability Clause.→

Section 25.

Separability Clause.

- If any provision of this Act is declared invalid or unconstitutional, the other provisions not affected thereby shall continue to be in full force and effect.

Section 26 — Repealing Clause.→

Section 26.

Repealing Clause.

- All laws, decrees, executive orders or rules and regulations contrary to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

Section 27 — Effectivity.→

Section 27.

Effectivity.

- This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation.

Approved,

(Sgd.)

PROSPERO C. NOGRALES

Speaker of the House of Representatives

(Sgd.)

JUAN PONCE ENRILE

President of the Senate

This Act which is a consolidation of House Bill No. 5709 and Senate Bill No. 1978 was finally passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on September 2,2009.

(Sgd.)

MARILYN B. BARUA-YAP

Secretary General

House of Representives

(Sgd.)

EMMA LIRIO-REYES

Secretary of Senate

Approved:

November 10, 2009

(Sgd.)

GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO

President of the Philippines

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

Full text on BatasKo. Original source: Official Gazette / Lawphil.

Walang Dahilan para Martiriyuhin Ka: Ang Anti-Torture Act ng Pilipinas

Naaresto ka. Nasa kulungan ka. At may pulis na nagbabanta sa iyo para kumilala sa isang krimen.

Mayroon kang karapatan. At ang krimen na ginagawa nila sa iyo ay mas matindi pa sa anumang nagawa mo.

Iyon ang mensahe ng Republic Act No. 9745, o ang Anti-Torture Act of 2009, na nilagdaan noong Nobyembre 10, 2009. Ito ang batas na nagbabawal ng lahat ng uri ng torture at malupit na pagtrato — at nagpaparusa sa mga opisyal ng gobyerno na gumagawa nito.

Sa madaling salita: Kahit ikaw ay suspetso, detenido, o nakakulong, hindi ka puwedeng pasakitin o takutin ng mga pulis, militar, o anumang opisyal ng gobyerno para makakuha ng confession o impormasyon. Kung may nag-torture sa iyo, may krimen silang nagawa — at maaari silang maikulong.

Tunay na Sitwasyon: Si Dodong sa Malabon

Si Dodong, isang 27-taong-gulang na tricycle driver sa Malabon, ay inaresto dahil sa suspeksyon ng pagnanakaw. Sa detention cell, sinarhan siya ng mga pulis sa isang kwarto at binugbog para pirmahan ang isang papel na sinasabing "confession."

Pinirmahan niya — sa takot at sakit.

Ngunit ayon sa RA 9745, Section 8, ang confession na nakuha sa pamamagitan ng torture ay hindi admissible sa korte. Kahit pirmado niya ito.

Bukod doon, ang mga pulis na gumawa ng torture ay maaaring kasuhan ng kriminal na kaso — na may penalty na maaaring umabot sa reclusion perpetua (habang buhay) kung may malubhang pinsala.

Ano ang Torture Ayon sa Batas? (Sec. 3 at 4)

Ang batas ay may dalawang kategorya ng torture:

Physical Torture (Sec. 4(a))

Kasama dito ang:

  • Systematic beating, headbanging, punching, kicking, paghampas ng truncheon o rifle butt
  • Pag-deprive ng pagkain o pagpainom ng hindi karaniwang bagay
  • Electric shock
  • Cigarette burns; burning ng heated rods, hot oil, o acid
  • Submersion ng ulo sa tubig hanggang malapit sa asphyxiation (water boarding)
  • Pagpilit na maging fixed o stressful na posisyon
  • Rape at sexual abuse
  • Mutilation o amputation
  • Paggamit ng plastic bag sa ulo hanggang manigas
  • Paggamit ng psychoactive drugs para baguhin ang perception o kalooban

Mental/Psychological Torture (Sec. 4(b))

Kasama dito ang:

  • Blindfolding
  • Pagbabanta ng bodily harm o execution sa biktima o pamilya nito
  • Confinement sa solitary o secret detention places
  • Prolonged interrogation
  • Paghahanda para sa "show trial" o public humiliation
  • Unscheduled transfer para maniwala ang biktima na papatayin na siya
  • Pagmamalupit sa pamilya ng biktima
  • Pagbabawal sa biktima na makipag-ugnayan sa pamilya
  • Denial ng tulog

Ang Prinsipyo: Walang Pagbubukod (Sec. 6)

Ito ang pinakamahalaga sa buong batas:

Ang torture ay absolute right na dapat protektahan — walang pagbubukod.

Hindi maaaring gamitin bilang justification:

  • State of war o banta ng digmaan
  • Internal political instability
  • Anumang public emergency
  • "Order of Battle" documents — mga listahan ng mga tinuturing ng militar/pulis na "kaaway ng estado"

Kahit sa panahon ng giyera, bawal ang torture. Walang rason na magpapatama.

Bawal na Detention Places (Sec. 7)

Ipinagbabawal ng batas:

  • Secret detention places
  • Solitary confinement na walang kaalaman ng pamilya
  • Incommunicado detention (detenido na hindi puwedeng makipag-ugnayan sa sinuman)

Kinakailangan ng batas:

  • Ang PNP, AFP, at lahat ng law enforcement agencies ay dapat mag-maintain ng updated public list ng lahat ng detention centers at mga nakakulong doon
  • Ang listahan ay dapat na available sa publiko sa lahat ng oras
  • Dapat itong i-submit sa Commission on Human Rights (CHR) at i-update sa unang 5 araw ng bawat buwan

Praktikal na ibig sabihin: Kung may isang detenido at hindi alam ng pamilya kung nasaan siya — ito ay potensyal na paglabag sa batas.

Ang Tortured Confession: Basurang Ebidensya (Sec. 8)

Ayon sa Exclusionary Rule ng RA 9745:

Ang anumang confession, admission, o statement na nakuha sa pamamagitan ng torture ay hindi admissible bilang ebidensya sa anumang proceedings.

Isang pagbubukod: Maaaring gamitin ang tortured statement bilang ebidensya laban sa mga nagpahirap — para ipatunay na nagawa nila ang torture.

Ibig sabihin para sa iyo: Kung pinilit kang pumirma ng confession sa ilalim ng banta o karahasan, hindi iyon ang magiging basehan ng kondena. Maaari kang mag-deny at ipahayag sa korte kung paano ito nakuha.

Karapatang Medikal (Sec. 12)

Bago at pagkatapos ng interrogation, bawat arestadong tao ay may karapatang:

  • Humingi ng physical examination ng isang independyenteng doktor ng kanyang pagpili
  • Kung hindi kayang bayaran, ang estado ay magbibigay ng competent at independent na doktor
  • Kung babae ang detenido, preferably ay babae ang doktora
  • Makakuha ng psychological evaluation kung available
  • Ang buong medikal na report ay isang public document na dapat nakakabit sa custodial investigation report

Sino ang Maaaring Mapanagot? (Sec. 13)

Bilang principal:

  • Ang taong direktang gumawa ng torture
  • Ang sinumang nagorder ng torture — kasama ang superior military, police, o law enforcement officers at senior government officials

Command responsibility:

  • Ang immediate commanding officer o senior public official ay liable din bilang principal kung:
    • Alam niya o dapat ay namalayan niyang ginagawa ang torture
    • Hindi niya ginawa ang lahat para pigilan o imbestigahan ito
    • Kahit hindi niya personal na ginawa

Bilang accessory:

  • Ang sinumang opisyal na namalayan ang torture at tumulong pagtapos nito para protektahan ang mga salarin — halimbawa, pag-cover up o pagtulong sa pagtakas ng nagpahirap

Mga Parusa (Sec. 14)

Krimen Parusa
Torture na nagresulta sa kamatayan Reclusion perpetua (habambuhay)
Torture na nagresulta sa mutilation Reclusion perpetua
Torture na may rape Reclusion perpetua
Torture laban sa mga bata Reclusion perpetua
Mental torture na nagresulta sa insanity Reclusion temporal
Torture na nagdulot ng permanent disability Prision mayor (6–12 taon)
Torture na nagdulot ng 90-day o higit pa na incapacitation Prision mayor
Torture na nagdulot ng 30–90 na araw na incapacitation Prision correccional (6 buwan – 6 taon)
Cruel, inhuman o degrading treatment Arresto mayor (1–6 buwan)
Pagpapatakbo ng secret detention places Prision correccional

Dagdag na mahalagang probisyon (Sec. 15): Ang torture ay isang separate at independent crime — hindi ito nababsorb ng ibang kriminal na kaso. Kahit may ibang kaso ka, maaari pa ring hiwalay na kasuhan ang torture.

Sec. 16: Ang mga nagkasala ng torture ay hindi maaaring makinabang sa anumang special amnesty law.

Kompensasyon para sa mga Biktima (Sec. 18)

Ang bawat biktima ng torture ay may karapatang:

  • Mag-claim ng kompensasyon sa ilalim ng RA 7309 (Claims Board)
  • Minimum na ₱10,000 — pero maaaring mas mataas depende sa sitwasyon
  • Mag-apply ng karagdagang financial relief mula sa iba pang programa ng gobyerno

Ano ang Hindi Alam ng Karamihan

Maling paniniwala: "Kung may kaso ka, ang mga pulis ay may karapatang gawin ang lahat para makakuha ng confession."

Katotohanan: Wala. Sa ilalim ng RA 9745, ang torture para makakuha ng confession ay krimen — kahit na talagang nagkasala ang taong sinesalisi. Ang mabuting imbestigasyon ay gumagamit ng ebidensya, hindi ng karahasan.

Maling paniniwala: "Ang torture ay nangyayari lang sa mga high-profile na kaso o sa panahon ng Martial Law."

Katotohanan: Ayon sa mga human rights organizations, ang torture sa mga detention centers ay nangyayari sa ordinaryong pulis operasyon — lalo na sa mga rural areas at sa mga accused na walang pera para sa abogado. Ang batas na ito ay para sa lahat.

Maling paniniwala: "Kung pumirma ka ng confession, hindi mo na mababawi iyon."

Katotohanan: Kung ang confession ay nakuha sa pamamagitan ng torture, force, o intimidation, hindi ito admissible sa korte (Sec. 8). Maaari kang mag-recant at sabihin sa iyong abogado o sa korte kung paano ito nakuha.

Para sa mga OFW / Para sa OFW

Ang RA 9745 ay kritikal para sa mga OFW sa dalawang paraan:

Kung Ikaw ay Bumalik sa Pilipinas at Naharap sa Legal Problems

Ang Anti-Torture Act ay direktang nagpoprotekta sa iyo. Kahit anong krimen ang sinasabing ginawa mo, hindi ka puwedeng tortuhin ng anumang opisyal ng gobyerno para kumilala.

Alamin:

  • Ang PAO (Public Attorney's Office) ay nagbibigay ng libre na legal representation
  • Ang CHR (Commission on Human Rights) ay tumutulong sa mga torture victims
  • Ang Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO) ay maaaring tumulong kung naharap sa abuso pagkatapos ng pagbabalik

Kung Ang Iyong Kamag-anak sa Pilipinas ay Naaresto

Kung naarestuhan ang iyong pamilya sa Pilipinas at pinaghihinalaang torture ang nangyari:

  1. Makipag-ugnayan sa CHR hotline: (02) 8294-8704 // TODO: Verify CHR current hotline
  2. Mag-file ng reklamo sa CHR kahit ikaw ay nasa abroad — pwedeng gawin ng isang kapamilya o NGO ang aktuwal na filing
  3. Makipag-ugnayan sa iyong pinakamalapit na Philippine consulate kung kailangan ng tulong

Non-Refoulement para sa OFW (Sec. 17)

Ang batas ay may espesyal na probisyon: Hindi maaaring ma-deport o ma-extradite ang isang tao sa isang bansa kung may sapat na basehan para maniwala na siya ay magiging biktima ng torture doon.

Para sa mga OFW na may katakutan na sa kanilang bansang pinagtrabahuhan, ito ay isang proteksyon — ang Pilipinas ay hindi maaaring ibalik kayo sa isang lugar kung saan kayo ay martiriyuhin.

Ano ang Gagawin Mo Kung Ikaw ay Natorture o Pinaghinalaan ng Ganito

Hakbang 1: Humingi ng medikal na pagsusuri agad — bago at pagkatapos ng interrogation. Ito ay iyong karapatan sa ilalim ng Sec. 12. Ang medikal na report ay magiging ebidensya.

Hakbang 2: Makipag-ugnayan sa iyong abogado o sa Public Attorney's Office (PAO) sa 1-800-10-PAO-8888. Libre ang serbisyo ng PAO para sa mga walang kakayahang kumuha ng private lawyer.

Hakbang 3: Mag-file ng reklamo sa Commission on Human Rights (CHR). Ang CHR ay may mandato sa ilalim ng batas na mag-imbestiga ng mga kaso ng torture sa loob ng 60 araw na trabaho mula sa pagsusumite ng reklamo.

Hakbang 4: I-document ang lahat. Mga pangalan ng mga nag-torture, oras, lugar, mga saksi. Ang documentation ay kritikal sa prosecution ng mga salarin.

Hakbang 5: Huwag pirmahan ang anumang dokumento nang walang abogado — lalo na kung nasa ilalim ka ng presyon o banta. Kahit pirmahan mo, ito ay maaaring ipawalang-bisa sa korte kung napatunayan ang torture.

Mga Kaugnay na Batas

Mga Madalas na Tanong (FAQs)

T: Maaari ba akong kasuhan ng perjury kung i-recant ko ang isang confession na nakuha sa pamamagitan ng torture? S: Ang recantation ng isang tortured confession ay hindi perjury. Ang perjury ay ang pagsisinungaling sa ilalim ng oath — ngunit kung ang confession ay nakuha sa pamamagitan ng force o torture, hindi ito voluntary at therefore hindi ito maaaring maging basehan ng perjury. Ipahayag sa iyong abogado at sa korte ang eksaktong pangyayari.

T: Ano ang pagkakaiba ng "torture" at "cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment"? S: Ang torture ay may specific na layunin — kumukuha ng confession, nagpaparusa, o nag-iintimida (Sec. 3(a)). Ang "cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment" ay kahit anong mabigat at degrading na pagtrato na hindi eksaktong nahulog sa kahulugan ng torture pero nagdudulot pa rin ng suffering at humiliation (Sec. 5). Pareho itong ipinagbabawal at may parusa.

T: Ang Anti-Torture Act ba ay sakop ang mga private individuals o empleyado ng private security companies? S: Ang batas ay pangunahin para sa "person in authority" o "agent of a person in authority" — mga pulis, militar, at government officials (Sec. 3(a)). Para sa mga private individuals na gumagawa ng torture-like acts, ibang batas ang maaaring applicable tulad ng Revised Penal Code para sa serious physical injuries o kidnapping. Kumonsulta sa abogado para sa iyong partikular na sitwasyon.

Mga Pinagmulan

  • Republic Act No. 9745, "Anti-Torture Act of 2009" — Lawphil
  • 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article III (Bill of Rights)
  • Convention Against Torture (CAT), ratified by the Philippines
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

Pangkalahatang impormasyon lamang ito. Hindi ito legal advice. Para sa iyong partikular na sitwasyon, kumonsulta sa Public Attorney's Office (PAO) sa 1-800-10-PAO-8888 o sa Commission on Human Rights (CHR).

By Irvin Abarca & Claude (AI Research Partner) | Published: May 2026 | 11 min read

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Legal disclaimer: BatasKo provides general legal information, not legal advice. For your specific situation, consult a licensed Filipino lawyer or the Public Attorney's Office (PAO).

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